ചരിത്രം

Imbn-¸pdw ]qP-shfn {io alm-hn-jvWp-t£{Xw Be-¸pg þX-®oÀap¡w dq«n Xpcp-¯³ Ihe _kv tÌm¸n \n¶pw Hcp Intem-ao-äÀ Ing-¡p-amdn ØnXn-sN-¿p-¶p. CXv Be-¸pg PnÃ-bn tNÀ¯e Xmeq-¡nÂs¸« apl½ ]©m-b-¯n ØnXn-sN-¿p¶ {]tZ-i-am-Wv. th¼-\m«v Imb-en-t\mSv tNÀ¶v InS-¡p¶ AXn-a-t\m-l-c-amb {]tZ-i-¯mWv ]qP-shfn {io alm-hn-jvWp-t£{Xw ØnXn-sN-¿p-¶-Xv.

_Êv kabw ]qPshfn t£{Xw

t£{X¯ntebv¡v : cmhnse : 6.30,8.20, 10.20,11.45,
D¨Ignªv : 1.32, 2.45, 5.20

t£{X¯nÂ\n¶v : cmhnse : 7.10, 9.10,10.55
D¨Ignªv : 12.35, 2.00, 4.05, 6.00

• Ggp\nd-]d kaÀ¸-Whpw {]km-Z-aq«pw

  tIc-f-¯n hfsc Npcp¡w t£{X-§-fn am{Xw \S-¡p¶ Hcp hgn-]m-SmWv Ggp \nd-]-d-k-aÀ¸-Ww. AXn-cm-hnse apX-em-cw-`n-¡p¶ Cuh-gn-]mSv `K-hmsâ Xncp-\m-fmb Xncp-thm-W-¯n\mWv \S-¯-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. s\Ãv, Acn, aeÀ, AhnÂ, aªÄ, ]Ww, Xpf-kn, F¶o ]ZmÀ°-§Ä \nd-¨mWv ]d kaÀ¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. {io KW-]-Xn, þ {io ]c-ta-iz-c³, {io alm-hnjvWp tZh³-þ-{io-Ir-jvW-kzm-an,þ ZpÀ¤m-tZ-hnþ [\-e£vanþ alm-e£van þ F¶o tZho-tZ-h-•m-cpsS {]oXn-¡mWv HcmÄXs¶ Cu Ggp-]dbpw hyXy-kvX-§-fmb {Zhy-§Ä sIm­v \nd¨v {]mÀ°n-¡p-¶-Xv. Cu \nd-]c hgn-]mSv D¨-]q-P-tbm-sS-k-am-]n-¡p-¶p. C§s\ FÃm ae-bmf amkhpw Xncp-thm-W-\m-fn Cu hgn-]mSv \S-¡m-dp-­v. hfsc Zqsc \n¶p-t]mepw A\-h[n `à-•mÀ \nd-]d hgn-]m-Sn ]s¦-Sp-¡p-hm³ F¯n-t¨-cp-¶p-­v. Cu hgn-]mSv Ggv e£van-\m-cm-bW ]qPbv¡pw ]{´­v s\¿v hnf-¡À¨-\bv¡pw Xpey-amb ^e-{]m-]vXn-bp-­m-¡p-sa¶v BNm-cy-•mÀ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. Cu hgn-]m-Sn ]s¦-Sp-¡p-hm³ hcp¶ `à-P-\-§Ä¡v {]kmZw Du«pw \S-¯-s¸-Sp-¶p. CXp-sIm­v kÀÆ-hn-Lv\-§fpw \o§n [\-[m-\ym-Zn-k-ar-²nbpw kÀssÆizcy-§fpw XZzmcm `à-P-\-§Ä ZoÀL-kp-aw-K-enbpw þ ZoÀLm-bp-jvam\mIp-sa¶v A\p-`-h-§Ä sXfn-bn-¡p-¶p.

• s\¿v hnf-¡À¨\

  kÀssÆ-iz-cy-Im-c-\mb hymg-¯nsâ `mh-L-S-\-bp-ambn Gähpw tbmPn-¡p¶ Hcp tZhXm k¦Â¸-amWv {ioa-lm-hn-jvWp-tZ-h³. hnf-¡nse s\¿v ico-c-ambpw Xncn Bßm-hmbpw Pzme-sb Bbp-kmbpw k¦Â¸n¨v Bbp-knsâ \•-bv¡mbn hymgm-gvNtXmdpw `à-P-\-§Ä Chn-sS-s\¿v hnf-¡À¨\ \S¯n {]mÀ°n-¡p-¶p. CtXmsS Bßm-hn-eqsS Bbp-Ênsâ tim`bpw _ehpw hÀ²n-¡p-¶p. Cu {]mÀ°-\-bn ]s¦-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\v Imte-Iq«n `à-P-\-§Ä t£{X-¯n-se¯n tNcp-¶p. D±n-jvS-Im-cy-kn-²n-¡p-tijw `à-P-\-§Ä Hcp ]pXnb hnf-¡p-hm§n kzbw s\bv \nd¨v c­p Xncn-bn«p sXfn¨v `K-hmsâ k¶n-[n-bn kaÀ¸n¨v aS-§p-¶p-­v.

• jjvTn-{hXw

  kqtcym-Z-bmÂ]cw Ggp-\m-gnI jjvTn-bp-ff Znhkw ChnsS jjvTn-{hX {]mÀ°\ \S-¡p-¶p. shfp-¯-]-£-¯nse ]©-an-\m-fn Hcp-t\cw am{Xw `£Ww Ign¨v kp{_-Ò-Wy-`-P-\-bp-ambn Ign-bp¶ `à-P-\-§Ä jjvTn-Zn-hkw {]mX:kv\m\w Ignªv t£{X-ZÀi-\hpw {]Z-£n-Whpw \S¯n kp{_-ÒWy ]pjv]mRvPenbpw \S¯n {]mÀ°n-¡p-¶p. {]mÀ°-\bv¡pw D¨-]q-Pbv¡pw tijw \S-¡p¶ A`n-tjIw Ign-ªp-am-{Xta `£Ww Ignªv {hX-a-h-km-\n-¸n-¡p-¶p-Åp. \nc-h[n `IvP-P-\-§Ä ]s¦-Sp-¡p-¶p.

• kÀssÆizcy-]qP

  FÃm ae-bm-f-am-khpw H¶mw-Xo-bXn \S-¯p¶ Hcp ]qP-bm-Wn-Xv. hnhm-l-X-SÊw \o§p-¶-Xn\pw ssh[hyw kw`-hn-¡msX ZoÀL-kp-aw-K-en-I-fm-Ip-¶-Xn\pw th­n-bmWv Cu ]qP \S-¯n-h-cp-´v. am\-knI kwLÀj-§Ä \o§n Krl-¯nÂ-A-\p-Zn\w sFiz-cym-`n-hr²n D­m-hp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. \nc-h[n `à-P-\-§Ä kÀssÆ-iz-cy-]q-P-bn ]s¦-Sp¯v {]mÀ°n-¡p-¶p.

• AJ-WvU-\maw

  FÃm Xncp-thm-W-\m-fnepw \nÀ½m-ey-ZÀi-\-¯n-\p-tijw AJ-WvU-\m-a-P]w Bcw-`n-¡p-¶p. Zo]m-cm-[-\-tbmsS AX-h-km-\n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. AJ-WvU-\ma bÚ-¯n ]s¦-Sp-¡p¶ FÃm `à-P-\-§Ä¡pw tZhkzw th­p¶ kuI-cy-§Ä Hcp-¡n-s¡m-Sp-¡p-¶p-­v.

• \mc§m hnf¡v {]mÀ°\

  FÃm ae-bmf amkhpw BZys¯ shÅn-bmgvN cmlp-Im-em-cw-`-t¯msS Bcw-`n-¡p¶ \mc§m hnf¡p {]mÀ°\ tZhn-t£-{X-¯n\p ap¶n-emWv \S-¡p-¶-Xv. A½sb {]mÀ°n-¡p-¶-Xn k´p-jvS-\m-Ip¶ cmlp Xsâ `à-P-\-§sf IqSp-X hnj-an-¸n-¡n-à F¶ k¦Â¸-¯n-emWv `à-P-\-§Ä Cu {]mÀ°-\-bn hym]r-X-cm-Ip-¶-Xv.

• NXb-Zn-\-{]mÀ°\

  FÃm ae-bm-f-am-khpw NX-b-Zn-\-¯n hnti-jm {]mÀ°-\bpw Kpcp-]q-Pbpw \S-¡p-¶p. {]IrXn {]tXy-b-§Ä¡v bmsXmcp t`Zhpw CÃm-sb¶v {io \mcm-bW Kpcp-tZ-h³ \s½ t_m[-h-Xv¡-cn-¨p. AssZzXw Øm]n¨ BZn-i-¦-c³ ]d-ªp-h¨ AtX Imcy-§Ä {io \mcm-b-W-Kpcp tZh³ {]hÀ¯n-bn-eqsS þ IÀ½-§-fn-eqsS \s½ t_m²y-s¸-Sp¯n. B temIm-Nm-cysâ kvac-W-bv¡mbn NX-b-Zn\ {]mÀ°\ BUw-_-c-]qÀÆw \S-¯-s¸-Sp-¶p.